Pneumonic Plague

Pneumonic plague is one of three main forms of plague, all of which are caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. It is more virulent and rarer than bubonic plague. The difference between the versions of plague is simply the location of the infection. Pneumonic plague is an infection in the lung(s), bubonic plague is an infection of the buboes or lymph nodes, while septicemic plague is an infection in the blood stream.

Typically, pneumonic form is due to a secondary spread from advanced infection of an initial bubonic form. Primary pneumonic plague results from inhalation of fine infective droplets and can be transmitted from human to human without involvement of fleas or animals. Untreated pneumonic plague has a very high fatality rate.

Epidemiology
Since 2002, the World Health Organization (WHO) has reported six plague outbreaks, though some may go unreported because they often happen in remote areas. Between 1998 and 2009, nearly 24,000 cases have been reported, including about 2,000 deaths, in Africa, Asia, the Americas and Eastern Europe. The vast majority of the world's cases (98%) are in Africa.

Pathology and transmission
Pneumonic plague can be caused in two ways: primary, which results from the inhalation of aerosolised plague bacteria, or secondary, when septicemic plague spreads into lung tissue from the bloodstream. Pneumonic plague is not exclusively vector-borne like bubonic plague; instead it can be spread from person to person. There have been cases of pneumonic plague resulting from the dissection or handling of contaminated animal tissue. This is one type of the formerly known Black Plague. It could kill 90%–100% of a population if the victims coughed and passed on the bacteria.

Symptoms
The most apparent symptom of pneumonic plague is coughing, often with hemoptysis (coughing up blood). With pneumonic plague, the first signs of illness are fever, headache, weakness, and rapidly developing pneumonia with shortness of breath, chest pain, cough, and sometimes bloody or watery sputum. The pneumonia progresses for two to four days and may cause respiratory failure and shock. Without early treatment, patients will die, some within 24 hours.

When they begin, pneumonic plague symptoms can often include:


 * Fever
 * Weakness
 * Headache

Rapidly developing pneumonia with:
 * Shortness of breath
 * Chest pain
 * Cough
 * Bloody or watery sputum (saliva and discharge from respiratory passages).

Prognosis and treatment
Pneumonic plague is a very aggressive infection requiring early treatment. To reduce the risk of death, antibiotics must be given within 24 hours of first symptoms. Streptomycin, gentamicin, tetracyclines, and chloramphenicol are all effective against pneumonic plague.

Antibiotic treatment for seven days will protect people who have had direct, close contact with infected patients. Wearing a close-fitting surgical mask also protects against infection.

Without treatment, the mortality rate from pneumonic plague approaches 100%.

China
The People's Republic of China has eradicated the pneumonic plague from most parts of the country, but still reports occasional cases in remote Western areas where the disease is carried by rats and the marmots that live across the Himalayan plateau. Outbreaks can be caused when a person eats an infected marmot or comes into contact with fleas carried by rats. A 2006 WHO report from an international meeting on plague cited a Chinese government disease expert as saying that most cases of the plague in China's northwest occur when hunters are contaminated while skinning infected animals. The expert said at the time that due to the region's remoteness, the disease killed more than half the infected people. The report also said that since the 1990s, there was a rise in plague cases in humans—from fewer than 10 in the 1980s to nearly 100 cases in 1996 and 254 in 2000. Official statistics posted on the Chinese Health Ministry's Web site showed no cases of plague in 2007 and 2008. In September 2008, two persons in east Tibet died of pneumonic plague.

A recent outbreak of the disease in China began in August 2009 in Ziketan Town located in Qinghai Province and is an ongoing situation. The town has been sealed off and so far three people have died as a result of the disease. According to spokesperson Vivian Tan of the WHO office in Beijing, "In cases like this [in August 2009], we encourage the authorities to identify cases, to investigate any suspicious symptoms among close contacts and to treat confirmed cases as soon as possible. So far, they have done exactly that. There have been sporadic cases reported around the country in the last few years so the authorities do have the experience to deal with this."

Europe
In mid-November 2009, it was reported in the Daily Express that a cocktail of three flu viruses are reported to have mutated into a single pneumonic plague.

Radio Netherlands Worldwide (RNW) mentioned rumours about a plane said to have flown over the the capital of Ukraine, Kiev, releasing powder containing a mutated variety of the A(H1N1) virus.

The RNW article quotes Piet Spijkers of Dutch Humanitarian Aid to the Children of Ukraine Foundation as stating "the problem is that the Ukrainian government has systematically denied the existence of the A(H1N1) flu virus, known in the Netherlands as Mexican flu. It has provided no public information and taken no precautionary measures." The article goes on to assert that in Lviv, the price of garlic, a popular home remedy for illness, has skyrocketed; it also suggests that the present mania over H1N1 in the Ukraine is a result of political power games between Viktor Yushchenko and his challenger, Prime Minister Yulia Tymoshenko, in the run-up to the January, 2010, presidential election. Because of the flu, public health measures forbid political meetings.

According to Ukraine health authorities, a more dangerous virus has mutated from the California flu and two seasonal flu viruses. However, the WHO has asserted that the situation in Ukraine is no worse than in other countries, genetic analysis showed that the H1N1 virus was the main cause of the problems, and the current pandemic vaccine would offer protection.