Stormtrooper

The Stormtroopers (in German Stoßtruppen, "shock troops") were specialist military troops which were formed in the last years of World War I as the German army developed new methods of attacking enemy trenches, called "infiltration tactics". Men trained in these methods were known in German as Sturmmann (correctly "assault man" but usually translated as Stormtrooper), formed into companies of Sturmtruppen ("assault troops", more often and less exactly Storm Troops). Other armies have also used the term "assault troops", "shock troops" or fireteams for specialist soldiers who perform the infiltration tasks of stormtroopers.

Victor Odlum
The organization and their tactics of "storm troops" and trench raiding parties were developed by Victor Odlum in the 1st Canadian division in 1915. The Canadian Corps later instructed officers of the French army in these new tactics. . May 1915 was the same time as the Second Battle of Ypres - the first major impact made by Canada on the war. The Germans were so impressed by the Canadian resistance they referred to the Canadians as stormtroopers and then used the term for their own infiltration units. The tactics developed by the Germans both on the offense and defense in WWI are still in use today, in one form or another.

Calsow Assault Detachment
The concept of "Stormtroopers" developed from its beginning in March 1915, when a unit known as Sturmabteilung Calsow (Calsow's Assault Detachment) under Major Calsow was formed by the Eighth army, by orders from the War Ministry, consisting of headquarters, two pioneer companies and a 37mm gun (Sturmkanone) battery. The unit was to use heavy shields and body armor as protection in attacks.

This unit was however never employed in its intended role, instead used to defend against attacks in France. In June, this improper use of the unit had already cost the unit half its manpower, and for this, Major Calsow was relieved, against his protests that it was not his fault that the unit was not used as intended.

Rohr Assault Battalion
The new commander of the Assault Detachment from September 8 1915 was a Hauptmann Rohr, previously commander of the Guard Rifle Battalion. The detachment was reinforced with a machinegun platoon, and a flamethrower platoon. The old infantry guns had been shown to be too difficult to move across the battlefield, and a new model was developed based on captured Russian 76.2mm fortress guns and issued to the Assault Detachment.

Captain Rohr at first experimented with using the body armor and shields already in the Detachment's inventory, but realized that speed was better protection than armor. The only piece of armor kept was a new model of steel helmet, that would later become the standard in all German units at the end of World War I, and throughout the Second World War.

The new tactics developed by Captain Rohr, building much on his own previous experiences from the front, was based on the use of squad sized stormtroops ("Sturmtruppen" or "Stoßtruppen"), supported by a number of heavy support weapons and artillery that was to be coordinated at the lowest level possible, and rolling up enemy trenches using troops armed with hand grenades. These tactics were tested the first time in October 1915 in a successful assault on a French position in the Vosges Mountains.

In December 1915, the Assault Detachment started giving courses to officers and soldiers of other German units, training them in the new assault tactics. Around this time the unit also changed some of its equipment to better fit its new requirements. Lighter footwear was issued, and uniforms reinforced with leather patches on knees and elbows to protect them when crawling. Special bags designed to carry grenades replaced the old belts and ammunition pouches, and the heavy standard rifle was replaced with the lighter carbine previously used by cavalrymen. While continuing to educate other units, the Detachment also participated in many small trench raids and attacks with limited objectives.

The first major offensive led by the new Assault Detachment was during the first days of the Battle of Verdun in February 1916. Stormtroops from the Assault Detachment was used in the first wave leading some units into the French trenches, attacking seconds after the barrage had lifted. This generally worked very well, even though it worked much better against the first trenchline than against the less well-known enemy rear-area.

On April 1, 1916, the Assault Detachment was redesignated "Assault Battalion Rohr". Around this time it also increased its size from two to four pioneer companies. At the same time, work began on transforming several Jäger battalions into new Assault Battalions.

Tactics at the end of World War I
At a larger scale, the storm tactics was first used by the Russians in June 1916 during Brusilov Offensive with great success. But, due to the February Revolution in Russia, no further development of the tactics was carried out on the Russian side. With the withdrawal of Russia from World War I, the Germans were able to reinforce the Western Front with troops from the Eastern Front. This allowed them to take units out of the line and train in Hutier tactics (after Oskar von Hutier) to infiltrate and take trenches.

On March 21, 1918, Germany launched a major offensive, "Operation Michael", against Allied forces, using the new methods and tactics. Four successive German offensives followed, that of May 27 and for the first time in 4 years the stalemate of trench warfare was broken. However the German advance had stalled by July and the Allies began their Hundred Days Offensive.

The stormtroops of the late World War I already resembled those of World War II in some ways, such as being armed with lightweight weapons, stick grenades, and some already sporting Totenkopf badges.

Methods
The methods developed to assault trenches during World War I before 1918 usually started with a lengthy artillery barrage all along the line followed by an assault from massed lines of infantry. Hutier suggested an alternate approach which consisted of these basic steps, combining some previous and some new attacks in a complex strategy:
 * 1) A short artillery bombardment, featuring heavy shells mixed with numerous poison gas projectiles would concentrate on neutralizing the enemy front lines, but not to destroy them.
 * 2) Under a creeping barrage, stormtroopers would move forward and infiltrate the Allied defenses at previously identified weak points. They would avoid combat whenever possible and attempt to destroy or capture enemy headquarters and artillery strongpoints.
 * 3) After the shock troops had done their job, German Army units, heavily equipped with light machine guns, mortars and flamethrowers, would make heavy attacks along narrow fronts against any Allied strongpoints the shock troops missed. When the artillery was in place, officers could direct the fire wherever it was needed to accelerate the breakthrough.
 * 4) In the last stage of the assault, regular infantry would mop up any remaining Allied resistance.

The new assault methods involved men rushing forwards in small groups using whatever cover was available and laying down covering fire for other groups in the same unit as they moved forwards. The new tactics, which were intended to achieve tactical surprise, were to attack the weakest parts of an enemy's line, bypass his strongpoints and to abandon the futile attempt to have a grand and detailed plan of operations controlled from afar. Instead, junior leaders could exercise initiative on the spot. Any enemy strong points which had not been over-run by stormtroopers could be attacked by second echelon troops following the stormtroopers.

References and notes

 * Cron, H: Imperial German Army 1914-18 Organisation, Structure, Orders-of-Battle. Helion & Company, 2002. ISBN 1-874622-80-1. (Originally published as Geschichte des Deutschen Heeres im Weltkriege 1914-1918 in Berlin, 1937)
 * Gudmundsson, B I: Stormtroop Tactics : Innovation in the German Army 1914-1918. Praeger Publishers, 1989. ISBN 0-275-95401-3.
 * Jäger, H: German Artillery of World War One. The Crowood Press Ltd, 2001. ISBN 1-86126-403-8.
 * Samels, M: Command or Control? Command, Training and Tactics in the British and German Armies, 1888-1918. Frank Cass Publishers, 1995. ISBN 0-7146-4214-2